Bibliography

References where full-text versions are available online are indicated with the document icon icon.

Books and Journal Articles

English Language

J. Balestier, “View of the State of Agriculture in the British Possessions in the Straits of Malacca,” Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia, 2 (1848): 139-150. (HathiTrust)
W.L. Blythe, Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 20, no. 1 (1947): 64-114.
T. Braddell, “Notes on the Chinese in the Straits,” Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia, 9 (1855): 115-116. (HathiTrust)
Charles Burton Buckley, An Anecdotal History of Old Times in Singapore (Singapore: Printed by Fraser & Neave, 1902). (Vol 1, Vol 2 on BookSG)
John Butcher and Howard Dick, eds., The Rise and Fall of Revenue Farming (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993).
Ernest Chew and Edwin Lee, eds., A History of Singapore (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1991).
David K.Y. Chng, A Select Bibliography of Chinese Sources for 19th Century Singapore (Singapore: National Library, 1987).
David K.Y. Chng, Heroic Images of Ming Loyalists: a Study of the Spirit Tablets of the Ghee Hin Kongsi Leaders in Singapore (Singapore: Singapore Society of Asian Studies, 1999).
Valerie Chua Jun-Mei, “Authority and Influence: Aspects of the Matrix of Power Relations in the British Governance of the Chinese in Colonial Singapore” (Acad. exercise, National University of Singapore, History Department, 2002).
Wolfgang Franke, “Patents for Heredity Ranks and Honorary Titles During the Ch’ing Dynasty,” in Sino-Malaysiana: Selected Papers on Ming and Qing History and on the Overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia 1942-1988, Singapore: South Seas Society, 1989. Originally published in Monumenta Serica 7 (1942): 38-67.
M. Freedman, “Chinese Kinship and Marriage in Singapore,” Journal of South-East Asian History 3, no. 2 (1962): 65-73.
B.W. Hodder, “Racial Groupings in Singapore,” Journal of Tropical Geography 1 (1953): 25-36.
Hong Lysa and Huang Jianli, The Scripting of a National History: Singapore and its Pasts (Singapore: NUS Press, 2008).
J.C. Jackson, Planters and Speculators: Chinese and European Agricultural Enterprise in Malaya, 1786-1921, (Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press, 1956).
R.N. Jackson, “Grasping the Nettle: First Successes in the Struggle to Govern the Chinese in Malaya,” Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 40, no. 1 (1967): 130-139.
P.A. Kuhn, Chinese Among Others: Emigration in Modern Times (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 2008).
Edwin Lee, The British as Rulers: Governing Multi-Racial Singapore 1867-1914 (Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1991).
Lee Poh Ping. Chinese Society in Nineteenth Century Singapore (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1978).
Y.K. Lee, “The Grand Jury in Early Singapore (1819-1873),” Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 46 no. 2 (1973): 55-150.
Y.K. Lee, “Singapore's Pauper and Tan Tock Seng Hospitals (1819-1873). Part One,” Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 48 no. 2 (1975): 79-111.
Y.K. Lee, “Singapore's Pauper and Tan Tock Seng Hospitals (1819-1873). Part Two,” Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 49 no. 1 (1976): 113-133.
Y.K. Lee, “Singapore's Pauper and Tan Tock Seng Hospitals (1819-1873). Part Three,” Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 49 no. 2 (1976): 164-183.
Y.K. Lee, “Singapore's Pauper and Tan Tock Seng Hospitals (1819-1873). Part Four,” Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 50 no. 2 (1977): 111-135.
Amy Leong Mei Lin, “Agricultural Development in Singapore” (Acad. exercise, National University of Singapore, History Department, 1996).
Leung Yuen Sun, “Economic Life of the Chinese in Late 19th Century Singapore,” in Early Chinese Immigrant Societies: Case Studies from North America and British South-East Asia, ed. Lee Tai To (Singapore: Heinemann Asia, 1988).
Ivy Maria Lim Mui Ling, “In Between Worlds: Teochew Chinese Leadership in Colonial Singapore” (M.A. diss., National Institute of Education, Singapore, 1998).
P. Lim Pui Huen, “Continuity and Connectedness: the Ngee Heng Kongsi of Johore, 1844-1916,” in New Terrains in Southeast Asian History, ed. Abu Talib Ahmad and Tan Liok Ee (Singapore: Singapore University Press and Ohio University Press, 2003).
Lin W.C. [Lim Boon Keng], “Some Local Chinese Worthies: I. Seah Eu Chin,” Straits Chinese Magazine 3 (1899): 80-85.
Low Siow Chek, “Gambier-and-Pepper Planting in Singapore” (Acad. exercise, University of Malaya, 1955).
Mak Lau Fong, The Sociology of Secret Societies (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1981).
Munshi Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir, “The Hikayat Abdullah,” trans. A.H. Hill, Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 28, no. 2 (1955).
T.J. Newbold, Political and Statistical Account of the British Settlements in the Straits of Malacca… etc. (London: John Murray, 1839). (Vol. 1, Vol. 2 via BookSG)
Ngee Ann Kongsi, Ngee Ann Kongsi: Into the Next Millennium (Singapore: Ngee Ann Kongsi, 1999).
J.W. Norton-Kyshe, Cases Heard and Determined in Her Majesty’s Supreme Court of the Straits Settlements 1808-1884, vol. 1, (Singapore: Printed at the Singapore and Straits Printing Office, 1885-1890). (Vol. 1 via BookSG)
H.N. Ridley, “History and Development of Agriculture in the Malay Peninsula,” Agricultural Bulletin of the Straits and Federated Malay States 4 (1904): 292-317.
Siah U-Chin [Seah Eu Chin], “General Sketch of the Numbers, Tribes, and Avocations of the Chinese in Singapore,” Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia 2 (1848): 283-289. (on this website, on HathiTrust)
Song Ong Siang, One Hundred Years’ History of the Chinese in Singapore (1923; reprint, Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1984). (Annotated edition on BookSG)
Kevin Tan Yew Lee, “The Administration of Justice in Early Singapore - 1819-1867: Some Impressions,” Law Society’s Journal 3, no. 2 (1986): 26-31.
Tan Teck Soon, “Chinese Local Trade,” Straits Chinese Magazine 6, no. 23 (1902): 89.
Carl A. Trocki, “The Johor Archives and the Kangchu System 1844-1910: a Bibliographic Essay,” Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 48, no. 1 (1975): 1-47.
Carl A. Trocki, “Origins of the Kangchu System 1740-1860,” Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 49, no. 2 (1976): 132-155.
Carl A. Trocki, Prince of Pirates: the Temenggongs and the development of Johor and Singapore, 1784-1885 (Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1979).
Carl A. Trocki, Journal of South-East Asian Studies 18, no. 1 (1987): 58-80.
Carl A. Trocki, Opium and Empire: Chinese Society in Colonial Singapore (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1990).
Carl A. Trocki, “Tan Seng Poh,” in The Rise and Fall of Revenue Farming, ed. John Butcher and Howard Dick (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993), 249-254.
Carl A. Trocki, “The Rise and Fall of the Ngee Heng Kongsi in Singapore,” in ‘Secret Societies’ Reconsidered: Perspectives on the Secret History of Modern South China and Southeast Asia, ed. David Ownby and Mary Somers Heidhues (Armonk NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1993).
Carl A. Trocki, Opium, Empire, and the Global Political Economy: a Study of the Asian Opium Trade 1750-1950 (London: Routledge, 1999).
C.M. Turnbull, “Johore Gambier and Pepper,” Journal of the South Seas Society 15, no.1 (1959): 44-46.
C.M. Turnbull, A History of Singapore, 1819-1988. 2nd ed. (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1989).
J.D. Vaughan, Manners and Customs of the Chinese in the Straits Settlements (1879; reprint, Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1971). (BookSG)
Wang Gungwu, A Short History of the Nanyang Chinese (Singapore: Eastern Universities Press, 1959).
Wang Tai Peng, “The Word Kongsi: a Note,” Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 52, no. 1 (1979): 102-105.
Wang Tai Peng, “Chinese Towkay and Worker Strikes in the Straits Settlements (1857-1900) with special relevance to Singapore,” Review of Southeast Asian Studies (Nanyang Quarterly) 11 (1981): 1-58.
Paul Wheatley, “Land Use in the Vicinity of Singapore in the 1830s,” Journal of Tropical Geography 2 (1954): 63-66.
Wong Choon San, A Gallery of Chinese Kapitans (Singapore: Ministry of Culture, 1964).
Wong Lin Ken, “Review Article – The Chinese in 19th Century Singapore,” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 11 (1980): 151-186.
Yen Ching-Hwang, “Early Chinese Clan Associations in Singapore and Malaya 1819-1911,” in Early Chinese Immigrant Societies: Case Studies from North America and British South-East Asia, ed. Lee Tai To (Singapore: Heinemann Asia, 1988).
Yen Ching-Hwang, A Social History of the Chinese in Singapore and Malaysia 1800-1911 (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1986).
Yen Ching-Hwang, “Chi’ing’s Sale of Honours and the Chinese Leadership in Singapore and Malaya (1877-1912),” Journal of South-East Asian Studies 1, no. 2 (1970): 20-32.
Yen Ching-Hwang, “Early Chinese Clan Organizations in Singapore and Malaya, 1819-1911,” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 12, no. 1 (1981): 62-92.
Yong Ching Fatt, “Chinese Leadership in Nineteenth Century Singapore,” Journal of the Island Society 1 (1967): 1-18.
Yong Ching Fatt, Chinese Leadership and Power in Colonial Singapore (Singapore: Times Academic Press, 1992).

Chinese Language

陈荆和，陈育崧 [Chen Jinghe, Chen Yusong], 《新加坡华文碑铭记录》Xinjiapo huawen beiming jilu (Hong Kong:中华大学出版社, 1972).
崔贵强[Cui Guiqiang],“19 世纪新加坡的华族巨商”《南洋文摘》Nanyang wenzhai 14, no. 3 (1973): 145-151.
关楚璞 [Guan Chu Pu],《星洲十年》Xingzhou shinian (Singapore: 星洲日报 [Sin Chew Jit Poh], 1940).
黄尧 [Huang Yao], 《星马华人志》Xingma huaren zhi (1967; reprint, Kuala Lumpur: 元生基金会，马来西亚黄氏总会，2003).
柯木林 [Kua Bak Lim], 《新华历史人物列传》Xinhua lishi renwu liezhuan (Singapore: EPB, 1995).
李志贤 [Li Zhixian ed.], 主编.《海外潮人的移民经验》Haiwai Chaoren de yimin jingyan (Singapore: Global Publishing and Teochew Poit Ip Huay Kuan, 2003).
李钟珏 [Li Zhongjue], 《新加坡风土记》Xinjiapo fengtu ji (1895); reprinted in《新加坡古事记》Xinjiapo gushi ji, comp. and ed. 饶宗颐 (Rao Zongyi) (Hong Kong: 中华大学出版社, 1994). (on ctext.org)
梁元生 [Liang Yuansheng],“潮兴，潮落—早期新加坡华人社会中两个潮人家族之历史考察” in《潮州学国际研讨会论文集》（下册）Chaozhouxue guoji yantaohui lunwen ji (xiace), 郑良树主编 [ed. Tay Lian Soo et al.] (Guangzhou: 曁南大学出版社, 1994).
林孝胜 [Lim How Seng] et al.,《石叻古迹》Shile guji (Singapore: South Seas Society, 1975). (BookSG limited preview)
卢耀华 [Lu Yaohua], “论1854 年的新加坡大暴动”《亚洲文化》Yazhou wenhua (Asian Culture) 6 (1985): 68-75.
潘醒农 [Phua Chay Long], “回顾新柔潮人甘密史” 《亚洲文化》Yazhou wenhua (Asian Culture), 7 (1986): 43-57.
潘醒农 [Phua Chay Long],《潮侨溯源记》Chaoqiao suyuan ji (River Edge, New Jersey: 八方文化企业公司, 1993).
潘醒农 [Phua Chay Long],《马来亚潮侨通鉴》Malaiya chaoqiao tongjian (Singapore: 南岛出版社, 1950). (BookSG limited preview)
邱新民 [Qiu Xinmin],《新加坡先驱人物》Xinjiapo xianqu renwu (Singapore: Seng Yew Bookstore, 1991).
吴华 [Wu Hua],《新加坡华族会馆志》Xinjiapo huazu huiguan zhi (Singapore: South Seas Society, 1975).
新加坡潮州八邑会馆 [Singapore Teochew (Poit Ip) Huay Kuan],《新加坡潮州八邑会馆40周年纪念》Xinjiapo chaozhou bayi huiguan 40 zhounian jinian (Singapore: the Association, 1969).
新加坡潮州八邑会馆 [Singapore Teochew (Poit Ip) Huay Kuan],《新加坡潮州八邑会馆金喜年刊》Xinjiapo chaozhou bayi huiguan jinxi jinian kan (Singapore: the Association, 1980).
许武荣 [Xu Wurong],《马来亚潮侨印象记》Malaiya chaoqiao yinxiang ji (Singapore: 南洋书局, 1951).
许云樵 [Hsu Yun-tsiao],《新加坡150 年大事记》Xinjiapo 150 nian dashi ji (Singapore: Youth Book Store, 1969).
许云樵 [Hsu Yun-tsiao],《马来亚从谈》Malaiya Congtan (1961; reprint, Singapore: Youth Book Store, 2005).
杨缵文 [Yeo Chan Boon],“杨缵文先生致本会馆及义安公司全体董事书” (28 Oct 1965) in《新加坡潮州八邑会馆四十周年纪念》Xinjiapo Chaozhou Bayi Huiguan 40 zhounian (Singapore: The Association, 1969), 164.
周汉人 [Zhou Hanren],《南洋潮侨人物志与潮州各县沿革史》Nanyang chaoqiao renwu zhi yu chaozhou gexian yange shi (Singapore: 中华出版社, 1958).
庄饮永 [David K.Y. Chng],“新加坡华人甲必丹”《亚洲文化》Yazhou wenhua (Asian Culture) 9 (1987): 21-25.
庄饮永 [David K.Y. Chng],《新甲华人史新考》Xinjia huaren shi xinkao (Singapore: South Seas Society, 1990).

Government records, newspapers, unpublished sources

(Abbreviations used in footnotes are given in brackets.)

National Archives of Singapore. Straits Settlements Records, 1800-1867 [SSR], various volumes.
National Archives of Singapore. Straits Settlements Legislative Council Proceedings [SSLCP], various years.
Public Record Office, UK. CO 276. Colonial Office. Straits Settlements Government Gazette, 1867-1942. [SSGG]
Public Record Office, UK. CO 273. Colonial Office. Original correspondence between the Colonial Office and the Foreign Office relating to the Straits Settlements and the Federated Malay States, 1838-1939. [CO 273].
Annual Reports on the Administration of the Straits Settlements. [Ann. Rep. S.S.]
Singapore and Straits Directory [SSD], title varies. Singapore: various publishers.
S.S. Ordinance to Incorporate the Ngee Ann Kongsi, no. 5 of 1933 (25 Feb 1933)
Tan Soo Chye. Index to the Straits Settlements Records 1800-1867. Singapore: unpublished, 1970-1971.

Straits Settlements Law Reports [SSLR]. Singapore: Straits Times Press.
Straits Law Journal and Reporter. [SLJ]

Singapore Institution Report. Singapore: the Institution, 1859-1872.

Singapore Free Press [SFP].
Straits Times [ST].
Singapore Daily Times [DT].

Map collection, National Archives of Singapore (NAS)
Last will and testament of Koo Goo (1842), and letter of Seah Eu Chin requesting probate (1845), acc. 242, microfilm NA1490, National Archives of Singapore.
Letter to Seah Liang Seah (1915), acc. 9/1990(3), microfilm NA1508, National Archives of Singapore. Ngee Ann Kongsi, Membership Register (1933), National Archives of Singapore.
Oral history of Heng Chiang Swee (recorded 20 Nov 1986), no. 648, reel 3, Oral History Centre, National Archives of Singapore. (recording via Archives Online)
Oral history of Chua Meng Khin (recorded 18 Nov 1986), no. 724, Oral History Centre, National Archives of Singapore. (recording via Archives Online)

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